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PAC——新一代工业控制系统, 可编程自动化控制发展的未来
Has produced along with many merchants can unify the PC function and the PLC reliable programmable automation controller (PAC), at present the control system gradually started to use PAC. This white paper introduced PAC the origin as well as it with PLC and the PC difference, and had pointed out will use PAC the industry to control the future development direction.
随着许多厂商已生产出能结合PC功能和PLC可靠性的可编程自动化控制器（PAC），目前控制系统已逐渐开始采用PAC。本白皮书介绍PAC的起源以及它与PLC和PC的区别，并指出了使用PAC的工业控制未来发展方向。
Table of contents
目录
PAC will become the future the industry control mode
"80-20" principle
Constructs a better controller
Two kind of different softwares solution
PAC vision and survey application
PAC has avoided to the special hardware need
LabVIEW uses in the automated control
· PAC将成为未来的工业控制方式
· “80-20” 法则
· 构建更好的控制器
· 两种不同的软件解决方案
· PAC的视觉和测量应用
· PAC免除了对专门硬件的需要
· LabVIEW用于自动化控制
NI PAC system
NI PAC系统
PAC will become the future the industry control mode with compares based on the PC control system, related PLC (programmable logical controller) the superiority and the inferiority intense argument has already continued for ten years. Because PC and PLC are more and more small in the technical difference, and has used the commercialization along with PLC (COTS) the hardware as well as PC can use the real-time operating system, thus appeared one kind of new form controller - PAC. The PAC concept is (ARC) proposes by the automation development facility, it expressed the programmable automated controller, used in describing unified PLC and the PC function new generation of industry controller. The traditional PLC merchant uses PAC the concept to describe their high end system, but PC control merchant then uses for to describe their industrialization to control the platform.
PAC将成为未来的工业控制方式和基于PC控制系统相比，有关PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）优势和劣势的激烈争论已经持续了十年。由于PC和PLC在技术上的差别越来越小，并且随着PLC采用了商业化（COTS）硬件以及PC能采用实时操作系统，从而出现了一种新类型的控制器——PAC。PAC的概念是由自动化研究机构 (ARC) 提出的，它表示可编程自动化控制器，用于描述结合了PLC和PC功能的新一代工业控制器。传统的PLC厂商使用PAC的概念来描述他们的高端系统，而PC控制厂商则用来描述他们的工业化控制平台。
"80-20" principle
“80-20” 法则
In PLC in 30 years which developed, it passes through develops unceasingly, already could unify simulates I/O, the network corresponds as well as uses new programming standard like IEC 61131-3. However, engineers only must use digital I/O and few simulations I/O number as well as simple programming skill on potential 80% industrial application. Comes from ARC, the unit exploitation company (VDC) as well as on the net PLC training resources PLC. The net expert estimated that,
77% PLC uses in the small application (being lower than 128 I/O)
72% PLC I/O is a numeral
80% PLC application may use 20 trapezoidal logical sets of instructions to solve
在PLC被开发出来的三十年里，它经过不断地发展，已经能结合模拟I/O，网络通信以及采用新的编程标准如IEC 61131-3。然而，工程师们只需利用数字I/O和少量的模拟I/O数以及简单的编程技巧就可开发出80%的工业应用 。来自ARC、联合开发公司（VDC）以及网上PLC培训资源PLC.net的专家估计：
· 77%的PLC被用于小型应用（低于128 I/O）
· 72%的PLC I/O是数字的
· 80%的PLC应用可利用20条的梯形逻辑指令集来解决
Because uses traditional the tool to be possible to solve 80% industrial application, like this intensely needs to have low cost simple PLC; Thus promoted the low cost miniature PLC growth, it has the useful trapezoidal logical programming digital I/O. However, this has also created the discontinuity in the control technology, on the one hand 80% application need to use the simple low cost controller, but on the other hand other 20% application then have surpassed the function which the tradition control system can provide. Engineer is developing these 20% application to need to have the higher circulation speed, the senior control algorithm, the more simulations function as well as can well and the enterprise network integration.
由于采用传统的工具可以解决80%的工业应用，这样就强烈地需要有低成本简单的PLC；从而促进了低成本微型PLC的增长，它带有用梯形逻辑编程的数字I/O。然而，这也在控制技术上造成了不连续性，一方面80%的应用需要使用简单的低成本控制器，而另一方面其它的20%应用则超出了传统控制系统所能提供的功能。工程师在开发这些20%的应用需要有更高的循环速率，高级控制算法，更多模拟功能以及能更好地和企业网络集成。
In 80 and the 90's, these must develop "20% application" engineers had considered uses PC in the industry control. PC provides the software function may carry out the senior task, provides the rich programming and the user environment, and the PC COTS part enables control engineer the technology which develops unceasingly to use in other applications. These technologies including floating point processor; High speed I/O main line, like PCI and ethernet; Fixed data memory; software development kit. Moreover PC also can provide the incomparable flexibility, highly effective software as well as senior low cost hardware.
在八十和九十年代，那些要开发“20%应用”的工程师们已考虑在工业控制中使用PC。PC所提供的软件功能可以执行高级任务，提供丰富的图形化编程和用户环境，并且PC的COTS部件使控制工程师能把不断发展的技术用于其它应用。这些技术包括浮点处理器；高速I/O总线，如PCI和以太网；固定数据存储器；图形化软件开发工具。而且PC还能提供无比的灵活性，高效的软件以及高级的低成本硬件。
However, PC is not extremely suitablly uses in controlling the application. Although many engineers in integrated senior function time uses PC, these functions including simulation control and simulation, connection database, network function of as well as with third party equipment correspondence, but PLC still was at the dominant position in the control domain. Is standard PC is not but designs based on the PC control main question for the strict industry environment.
然而，PC还不是非常适合用于控制应用。尽管许多工程师在集成高级功能时使用PC，这些功能包括模拟控制和仿真、连接数据库、网络功能以及和第三方设备通信，但是PLC仍然在控制领域中处于统治地位。基于PC控制的主要问题是标准PC并不是为严格的工业环境而设计的。
PC mainly faces three major problems:
PC主要面临三大问题：
Stability: The usual PC general operating system cannot provide uses in controlling the enough stability. The installment can force the processing system collapse based on the PC control equipment and not expect to again opens.
Reliability: Because PC has the magnetic hard disk and the non- reliable part which revolves, like the power source, this makes it to be easier to appear the breakdown.
Not familiar programming environment: The factory operator needs to have when maintains and fixes the breakdown restores the system the ability. The use trapezoidal logic, they may manual force the coil to restore to the perfect condition, and can fast patch the code which affects by is fast restored the system. However, the PC system needs the operator to study the new higher paraffin the tool.
· 稳定性：通常PC的通用操作系统不能提供用于控制足够的稳定性。安装基于PC控制的设备会迫使处理系统崩溃和未预料到的重启。
· 可靠性：由于PC带有旋转的磁性硬盘和非工业性牢固的部件，如电源，这使得它更容易出现故障。
不熟悉的编程环境：工厂操作人员需要具备在维护和排除故障时恢复系统的能力。使用梯形逻辑，他们可以手动迫使线圈恢复到理想状态，并能快速修补受影响的代码以快速恢复系统。然而，PC系统需要操作人员学习新的更高级的工具。
Although certain engineers use have the firm hardware and the specially operating system special-purpose industry computer, but because Engineer PC reliable aspect question overwhelming majority avoids in the control using PC. In addition, uses in each kind of automated duty equipment in PC, like I/O, correspondence, or movement possible need different development environment.
尽管某些工程师采用具有坚固硬件和专门操作系统的专用工业计算机，但是由于PC可靠性方面的问题绝大多数工程师还是避免在控制中使用PC。此外，在PC中的用于各种自动化任务的设备，如I/O、通信、或运动可能需要不同的开发环境。
Therefore these must develop "20% application" engineers either use PLC to be unable with ease to realize the function which the system needs, either uses both contains PLC and to contain PC the mix system, they use PLC to carry out the code control section, realizes the higher paraffin function with PC. Thus the present many factories workshops use the system which PLC and PC unifies, in use system PC carries on the data record, the connection bar code scanner, inserts the information in the database as well as issues the data to the net on. Uses this way establishment system the main question is this system with difficulty constructs frequently, fixes the breakdown and the maintenance. System engineer must unify frequently comes from many merchants software and hardware work to puzzle, this is because these equipment are not but design for can the joint operation.
因此那些要开发“20%应用”的工程师们要么使用一个PLC无法轻松实现系统所需的功能，要么采用既包含PLC又包含PC的混合系统，他们利用PLC来执行代码的控制部分，用PC来实现更高级的功能。因而现在许多工厂车间使用PLC和PC相结合的系统，利用系统中的PC进行数据记录，连接条码扫描仪，在数据库中插入信息以及把数据发布到网上。采用这种方式建立系统的主要问题是该系统常常难以构建，排除故障和维护。系统工程师常常被要结合来自多个厂商软硬件的工作所困扰，这是因为这些设备并不是为了能协同工作而设计的。
Constructs a better controller
构建更好的控制器
Because does not have suitable PC or the PLC solution, these need development complex application engineer on develops the new product with the control merchant close cooperation. They need the new product to be able to unify PC the senior software function and the PLC reliability. These important users were PLC and have provided the product development instruction based on the PC control company.
由于没有适合的PC或PLC解决方案，那些需要开发复杂应用的工程师就和控制厂商密切合作开发新的产品。他们需要新产品能结合PC的高级软件功能和PLC的可靠性。这些重要用户为PLC和基于PC控制的公司提供了产品开发指导。
Realizes the software function not only to need to have the senior the software, moreover the controller hardware function also needs to have the enhancement. Because in the world scope is dropping to the PC part demand, therefore many semiconductors merchants start for the industrial application redesign their product. At present controls the domain the merchant to start in the industry control product to use the industrialization floating point processor, DRAM, solid state memory like Compact Flash as well as the fast Ethernet chip. This enables the merchant to use based on the PC control system flexibility and the usability develops a more formidable software, moreover this PC control system also may move the real-time operating system by to guarantee the reliability.
实现软件的功能不仅需要有高级的软件，而且控制器的硬件功能也需要有所提高。由于世界范围内对PC部件的需求在下降，所以许多半导体厂商开始为工业应用重新设计他们的产品。目前控制领域的厂商已开始在工业控制产品中使用工业化浮点处理器、DRAM、固态存储器如CompactFlash以及快速Ethernet芯片。这使得厂商能利用基于PC控制系统的灵活性和可用性来开发更为强大的软件，而且该PC控制系统还可运行实时操作系统以保证可靠性。
This kind of new controller is the solution "20%" the application question but designs, it unified PLC and the PC two merits. The ARC industry analyst is called this kind of equipment the programmable automated controller, namely PAC. "The programmable logical controller world looks at in generally" the research in ARC, they have produced the PAC five principal characteristics. These controller characteristics are through define the software the ability to realize its function.
这种新的控制器是为解决“20%”的应用问题而设计的，它结合了PLC和PC两者的优点。ARC的工业分析家把这种设备称为可编程自动化控制器，即PAC。在ARC的“可编程逻辑控制器世界概览”研究中，他们给出了PAC的五个主要特性。这些控制器特性是通过定义软件的能力来实现其功能的。
"Multi-purpose, has in the logic, the movement, the PID control, the actuation and processing in a platform at least two kind of above functions." Except that in order to realize special agreement like SERCOS to have to I/O makes some improvements; Moreover the software also can provide logical, the movement, processing and the PID function. For example, the movement control took the software control circulation, it can reading the digital input from the orthogonal encoder, the execution simulation control circulates and outputs the control device the simulated signal.
“多功能性，在一个平台上有逻辑、运动、PID控制、驱动和处理中的至少两种以上功能。”除了为了实现特殊的协议如SERCOS要对I/O做一些改进；而且软件还能提供逻辑、运动、处理和PID的功能。例如，运动控制作为软件控制循环，它能从正交编码器上读取数字输入，执行模拟控制循环并输出控制设备的模拟信号。
"The sole multi- regulations develop the platform use general label and the sole database visit all parameters and the function." Because PAC is like multi-purpose but designs for more the senior application, they need the senior software. In order to can highly effective design the system, the software must be the sole integrated software package, but is not the many kinds of separations software tool, these software tools in the project cannot the seamless joint operation.
“单一的多规程开发平台使用通用标签和单一的数据库来访问所有的参数和功能。”由于PAC是为更为高级的应用如多功能而设计的，他们需要更为高级的软件。为了能高效地设计系统，软件必须是单一的集成化软件包，而不是多种分离的软件工具，这些软件工具在工程上不能无缝地协同工作。
"Through unifies IEC61131-3, the user guide and the data management, the software tool can design is surmounting many machines and the processing unit processing flow." The simplification system design on the other hand is has the senior the development kit, uses this tool to be possible to cause engineer very with ease to transform the processing concept for can actual control the machine the code.
“通过结合IEC61131-3，用户向导和数据管理，软件工具能设计出在跨越多个机器和处理单元的处理流程。”简化系统设计的另一方面是具有高级的图形化开发工具，利用该工具可以使工程师很轻松地把处理的概念转变为能实际控制机器的代码。
"The opening modular skeleton can solve the industrial application may distribute from the control in the factory machine to processes workshop the operation unit." Because all industrial application all needs to have highly has custom-made the characteristic, therefore the hardware must be the modulation in order to engineers may choose the appropriate part. Moreover, the software also must be able to let engineer increase and the demolition module by the system which designs needs.
“开放的模块化构架能解决的工业应用可从控制分布于工厂机器到加工车间的操作单元。”由于所有的工业应用都需要有高度的定制特性，所以硬件必须是模块化的以便工程师们可以选择合适的部件。而且，软件也必须能让工程师增加和拆除模块以设计出所需的系统。
"Uses already the network interface standard which has, the language and so on, like TCPIP, OPC&XML and SQL inquiry language." Can with enterprise's network correspondence regarding the modernization control system be extremely essential. Although PAC contains has the ethernet connection, but in order to must does not have the equipment and the factory other systems the question to integrate in together, corresponds the software is very important.
“采用已有的网络接口标准，语言等，如TCPIP，OPC&XML和SQL查询语言。”能和企业的网络通信对于现代化控制系统是非常关键的。尽管PAC包含有以太网接口，但是为了要把设备和工厂其它系统无问题地集成在一起，通信软件是至关重要的。
Two kind of different softwares solution
两种不同的软件解决方案
